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General Kevin Dorman October 17, 2026

Pitch

Gender Norms for Pitch

According to a 2010 study, listeners tend to shift their perception of a speaker’s gender around 160 Hz (about D#3). Voices averaging above 160 Hz are more often perceived as female, and voices below it as male (McCready, Campbell, Crutchley, & Edwards, 2010). It is worth noting that this study had multiple complicating factors that make the results questionable, more than this page can explain while staying on topic. For clients who are greatly aided by having normative ranges to initially aim for, Prismatic has created its own framework which is non-binary inclusive and allows for more natural variety:

Masculine-perceived voices tend to fall in the 85-175 Hz range; androgynous-perceived voices range from 123-247 Hz; and feminine-perceived voices typically are between 147-294 Hz. Having a voice that falls outside these norms does not mean one has a voice that isn't masculine, feminine, or androgynous; these are merely how the average ear interprets gender based on pitch. A voice that averages at 240 Hz can still be masculine, and a voice at 90 Hz can still be feminine, and neither of these voices need to be changed, especially if the user of that voice is happy with their presentation. There are women with deep voices, there are men with high voices, and there are non-binary people who have voices that aren't androgynous. These people's identities are absolutely valid and they should not be silenced or disregarded due to their vocal qualities.

Play with Producing Pitch

-Grab a rubber band; stretch it out a couple inches and pluck it. Stretch it an inch or two further and pluck it again. The increased tension in the rubber band should result in a higher pitch. This is the same way vocal cords work: by stretching out and tensing the vocal cords, a higher note is produced; by relaxing and shortening them, lower notes can be accessed.

-Want to play with your voice's pitch? Use a website or app with a tuner and voice into your phone or computer's microphone! If your voice feels like it's getting tired, take a break before continuing to explore your voice.

Safety Straw

Worried about hurting your voice while exploring your voice? Try voicing through a straw- the narrow opening of the straw will control how quickly air can move through your larynx, which will aid your larynx in producing your voice without tension.

Intonation

Enquire Into Your Intonation

Want to explore your own intonation patterns? Say these phrases:

"What a great idea."
"You wish to know all about my grandfather?"
"It's easy to tell the depth of a well."
"How would you like to go to the mall today?"

-Say each phrase as you naturally would. What words do you emphasize, and how do you emphasize them? Using a tuner, does your pitch change a lot, or does it stay steady?
-Try saying the phrases with different emotions; say them calmly, with anger, sadness, and joy. How much do each of these different emotions affect the way you say them?
-Play with producing the phrases using increases in loudness to emphasize
-Play with producing the phrases using increases in pitch to emphasize

Resonance

as they travel through your mouth and nose, or oral and nasal cavities. Different sizes and shapes of cavities can greatly affect the timbre (TAM-burr), or texture, of the sound produced. The larger the cavity, the darker and richer the sound produced; the smaller cavity, the brighter and thinner the sound. Versatile singers and voice actors can change the shape of their vocal tract to produce different vocal qualities and singing styles (see here); the same can be done for the speaking voice to adjust the speakers' timbre.

The Resonance of Vowels

Whether or not you know it, you change your resonance all the time throughout the day as you produce voice! Different vowel sounds are achieved by moving one's tongue, jaw, and lips. As these move to different positions for different sounds, different mouth shapes, and thus different resonance patterns, are produced. For this exercise, we're going to be experimenting with the 'eee' vowel (as in "email") and 'ahh' vowel (as in "box").
-Say the 'eee' sound several times in a row, letting your tongue relax in between each production. What does your tongue do to produce this vowel?
-Repeat the exercise with the 'ahh' vowel. What does your tongue do differently for this sound?
Chances are, for the 'eee' vowel, your tongue moved up and forward in your mouth. This reduces the size of the oral cavity, resulting in a bright, thin, forward resonance. Inversely, the 'ahh' vowel is produced by lowering the tongue and moving it back, increasing the size of the oral cavity and producing a dark, rich resonance.
Every vowel has a unique resonance pattern- this is how one can hear the difference between them (Raphael, Borden, & Harris, 2007).

Application in Gender-Affirming Voice Work

Speaking in broad generalizations, female-assigned-at-birth people have smaller heads on average. This means that the oral cavity, too, is smaller, resulting in an overall brighter, thinner sound. The inverse is true for male-assigned-at-birth people– larger heads mean a larger oral resonance chamber and a darker, richer overall sound (Adler, Hirsch, & Mordaunt, 2012).
Combining this with our knowledge of vowel resonance patterns, we can adjust clients' tongue positioning across all sounds to either make their resonance darker and richer (by moving closer to the 'ahh' sound) or thinner and brighter (closer to the 'eee' sound), depending on that clients' preferences.